"Densifying Switzerland": Acceptance and Public Support for Densification Projects in Swiss Cities

Introduction

Densification is the central paradigm of the current revisions of the Swiss Spatial Planning Act. There is a broad public and scholarly consensus that higher densities in metropolitan regions are desirable because it can contribute to the protection of undeveloped land, and has the potential to safeguard housing affordability. As a result, policymakers in the Global North have begun to formulate densification and upzoning policies that aim to enhance optimal and intensive land use. However, these densification projects tend to provoke (local) opposition, and they spark (local) public debates. Consequently, lacking public acceptance contributes significantly to slow rates of urban densification and urban housing production. Ensuring public acceptance and support for densification is therefore crucial for densifying agglomerations. The project aims at producing robust scientific findings that help (Swiss) spatial planning to better understand the needs and demands of the public with regard to densification. The research project should thus contribute to the overall goal of densification of metropolitan regions and agglomerations in Switzerland.

The project is funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (from 2021-2025).

The Project

We apply a mixed-method research design to systematically study acceptance and support for densification in all 162 Swiss statistical cities (ten cities with more than 50’000 inhabitants and 152 small and medium-sized towns with between 5’000-50’000 inhabitants). The research project integrates experimental survey research as well as the statistical analysis of observational data on real world spatial planning projects at local ballots. The survey will draw on a representative sample from the 162 Swiss statistical cities to examine the acceptance of different densification scenarios. The observational analysis will be based on an intense data collection effort that includes all local ballots on spatial planning issues in the 162 Swiss statistical cities between June 2002 and the end 2020. The focus lies on individual and project-related factors as well as political instruments such as ancillary planning policies (such as inclusionary zoning, rent control, or value capture) and participatory instruments. The latter two allow us to examine whether local governments and local planners have options at their disposal to enhance the democratic and societal acceptance of densification.

Publications

Wicki, Michael, and David Kaufmann. 2022. external pageAccepting and resisting densification: The importance of project-related factors and the contextualizing role of neighbourhoods.call_made Landscape and Urban Planning: 220 (104350).

Further publications on the topic

• Debrunner, Gabriela; Gairing, Mona (2024): Who is densifying our cities, where and how? Con-​tribution of systematic landownership and property data analyzes to the effective settlement densifica​tion, ETH Zurich. external pagehttps://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-​b-000661636call_made
• Gerber, J-D.; Debrunner, G. (2022): Planning with power. Implementing urban densification policies in Zurich, Switzerland, external pageLand Use policycall_made, 123, 1-13.
• Debrunner, G.; Jonkman, A.; Gerber, J.D. (2022): Planning for Social Sustainability. Mechanisms of Social Exclusion in Densification through Large-Scale Redevelopment Projects in Swiss Cities, external pageHousing Studiescall_made.
• Debrunner, G.; Gerber, J.D. (2021): The Commodification of Temporary Housing, external pageCitiescall_made, 108.
• Debrunner, G.; Hartmann, T. (2020): Strategic Use of Land Policy Instruments for Affordable Housing – Coping with Social Challenges under Scarce Land Conditions in Swiss Cities, external pageLand Use Policycall_made, 99.
• Debrunner, G.; Hengstermann, A.; Gerber, J.D. (2020): The Business of Densification – Distribution of Power, Wealth, and Inequality in Swiss Policy Making, external pageTown Planning Reviewcall_made, 91(3), 259-281.

Milestones

# International Research Workshop on Governance and Densification

Three universities, and three ongoing research projects on densification: Implementation challenges and the sustainable governance of densification are urgent urban topics worldwide. To discuss these challenges, on March 13th 2023, we organized an international workshop with scientists from the Geography institute at the University of Bern and Spatial Planning at TU Dortmund University to share knowledge and results from three research projects. Besides the input talk of Prof. Thomas Hartmann on land policy for the new land question, twelve participants contributed to a lively discussion around densification through the afternoon.

Many thanks to all contributors!

Dr. Thomas Hartmann Jean-David Gerber Gabriela Debrunner David KaufmannMichael Wicki Stefan Wittwer Cornelia Roboger Josje Bouwmeester Jessica Verheij Vera Götze Malte W. Deniz Ay.

#Coding-Retreats: An interdisciplinary SPUR research team works on the development of an intense densification database

In our SNSF project "Densifying Switzerland", an interdisciplinary team of five researchers is working at SPUR on the intense data collection that includes all local ballots on spatial planning issues in the 162 Swiss statistical cities between June 2002 and the end 2020 (over a period of 18 years). The purpose of this collection is to provide for urban practitioners, city planners, policymakers, activists, and others a comprehensive overview over the political debates around and beyond densification. Thereby, we will be able to finally assess what factors contribute to higher acceptance of densification initiatives, how they are debated by whom, and with policy instruments densification processes can be guided effectively. The insights gained from this project may also have broader implications for urban planning and policy-making in other regions and countries facing similar challenges related to densification.